The title of our diploma thesis is:
" Genetic and morphologic analysis of the relationship between and within the populations of the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)
(Latham 1790) and the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) (Gmelin 1788)".


content:
summary
Zoo-list and data
identification-key
literature

summary:

The principal purpose of our study was to clarify the systematic status of the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) and Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) populations, as well as the creation of species and subspecies descriptions, which make it possible to identify wild-born birds of unknown provenance.

A further target was the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationship of the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo and the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo populations to each other and to its next related species.

To answer these questions a combination of genetic and morphologic analysis was selected. For the genetic analysis the cytochrome b gene of zoo birds and wild living specimens of the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo and the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo were examined. In order to determine additionally the phylogenetic relationships of the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo and the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo populations to each other and to their next related species, the cytochrome b gene of the species: Ducorp´s Cockatoo (Cacatua ducorps), Goffin's Cockatoo (Cacatua goffini), White Cockatoo (Cacatua alba), Red-vented Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia), Blue-eyed Cockatoo (Cacatua opthalmica), Salomon-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) and Palm Cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) was sequenced, too. 

The provenance from all these zoo birds was unfortunately unknown. Therefore the morphologic analysis is based on measuring data of museum skins with detailed information about the provenance. In order to make the measured values of the museum skins changed by shrinking comparable with the data of living birds, these were first transformed. In an extensive statistical analysis of variance the transformed measuring data were examined for significant differences between the populations of the different places of provenance. The statistical analysis resulted in six morphologically from each other distinguishable groups, which have to be regarded on the basis of the morphologic species or subspecies concept as subspecies. By means of describing statistics for the six morphologic subspecies an identification key was prepared, with which it was possible to assign the zoo birds participating in the genetic analysis to a subspecies respectively to their area of provenance. 

The genetic analysis acknowledged the subspecies status of five of the groups found by the morphologic analysis. The subspecies status of the sixth morphologic subspecies could not be checked, because we couldn’t get any blood tests of this population for the genetic analysis.

In summary the results of the morphologic and genetic analysis show that the populations of the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) and the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) belong to one species.

After the date of the first description Cacatua sulphurea (Gmelin 1788) must be kept as species name. The current subspecies " Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo " or " small Sulphur-crested Cockatoo " (Cacatua sulphurea sulphurea) and " Timor Cockatoo " (Cacatua s. parvula) are summarized due to the results of our study to Cacatua sulphurea sulphurea. 

The subspecies " Citron-crested Cockatoo " (Cacatua s. citrinocristata) was acknowledged and remains existing thus. 

The " Abbott´s Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo " (Cacatua s. abbotti) was acknowledged morphologically as subspecies, but could unfortunately not be examined genetically.

The status of the subspecies " Sulphur-crested Cockatoo " (Cacatua galerita galerita) was acknowledged, but not the species status of Cacatua galerita. Therefore it was assigned to the species Cacatua sulphurea and receives the systematic name Cacatua sulphurea galerita. 

The same goes for the current subspecies " Mathews Cockatoo " (Cacatua g. fitzroyi), which is renamed due to the study to Cacatua sulphurea fitzroyi. 

For the two current subspecies " Triton Cockatoo " (Cacatua g. triton) and " Eleonora Cockatoo" (Cacatua g. eleonora) resulted the study in that they belong to one subspecies. Because " triton " (Temmnick 1849) is the older systematic name, both current subspecies were summarized to the subspecies Cacatua sulphurea triton.

Also the question about the phylogenetic relationship of the populations of the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo and the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo to each other and to its next related species could be answered. 

By cladograme creation it could be shown that the group of the " Sharp-crested Cockatoos ", which includes the species Cacatua goffini, Cacatua haematuropygia and Cacatua ducorpsforms a sister-group to the species Cacatua sulphurea and Cacatuaopthalmica. Furthermore it could be shown that the group of the " Sharp-crested Cockatoos " together with the species Cacatua sulphureaand Cacatua opthalmica are a sister-group of the " Round-crested Cockatoo- group ", which contains the two species Cacatua moluccensis and Cacatua alba.

 

content

 

Zoo-list and data:

All birds which took part in this study are specified in the enclosed list. Each bird was assigned to its provenance area and its subspecies.  We will be glad to give you any further information and to answer your question about our study at any time.

 


 
spec
subspecies
gender
identification
provenance based on the genetic study
Zoo´s Bird Parks or private owners
country
sulphurea galerita no data captive/ no name Australia Birds in  Paradise (NT) Australia
sulphurea fitzroyi no data captive/ no name Australia Birds in  Paradise (NT) Australia
sulphurea fitzroyi no data wild caught Australia Birds in Paradise (NT) Australia
sulphurea fitzroyi no data wild caught Australia Birds in Paradise (NT) Australia
sulphurea fitzroyi no data wild caught Australia Birds in Paradise (NT) Australia
sulphurea fitzroyi no data wild caught Australia Birds in Paradise (NT) Australia
sulphurea galerit f no name Australia Taronga Zoo, Sydney Australia
sulphurea galerita f no name Australia Taronga Zoo, Sydney Australia
sulphurea galerita f no name Australia Taronga Zoo, Sydney Australia
sulphurea galerita m (juv.) no name Australia Taronga Zoo, Sydney Australia
sulphurea galerita m no name Australia Taronga Zoo, Sydney Australia
sulphurea galerita m no name Australia Taronga Zoo, Sydney Australia
sulphurea galerita f no name Australia Taronga Zoo, Sydney Australia
sulphurea galerita m no name Australia Taronga Zoo, Sydney Australia
sulphurea triton m private/ no name Neuguinea & Islands Parc Zoologique de Clères France
sulphurea galerit m confiscated Australia Parc Zoologique de Clères France
sulphurea triton f 222 AVI 96 Neuguinea & Islands Espace Zoologique St.Martin la plaine France
sulphurea triton m 00-0008-EA2c Neuguinea & Islands Espace Zoologique St.Martin la plaine France
sulphurea triton f kleiner Schnabel Neuguinea & Islands Tierpark Stralsund Germany
sulphurea triton juv. Kokdine Neuguinea & Islands Tierpark Stralsund Germany
sulphurea triton m Federfresser Neuguinea & Islands Tierpark Stralsund Germany
sulphurea triton m Coco Neugua & Islands Tiergarten Aue Germany
sulphurea sulphurea f no name Sulawe& Lesser Sunda Islands Zoo Berlin Germany
sulphurea galerita f 3267... Australia Zoo Berlin Germany
sulphurea galerita m no name Australia Zoo Berlin Germany
sulphurea galerita f no name Australia Zoo Berlin Germany
sulphurea triton m no name Neuguinea & Islands Tierpark Gettorf Germany
sulphurea sulphurea m no name Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Private owner, Hamburg Germany
sulphurea triton f no name Neuguinea & Islands Vogelpark Wiesental Germany
sulphurea triton f no name Neuguinea & Islands Vogelpark Wiesental Germany
sulphurea triton m no name Neuguinea & Islands Vogelpark Marlow Germany
sulphurea triton f no name Neuguinea & Islands Vogelpark Marlow Germany
sulphurea triton m Coco Neuguinea & Islands Private owner, Bühl Germany
sulphurea triton f Pancho (captive born) Neuguinea & Islands Private owner, Bühl Germany
sulphurea triton m Sahib Neuguinea & Islands Private owner, Bühl Germany
sulphurea triton m Roger Neuguinea & Islands Private owner, Bühl Germany
sulphurea citrinocristata f no name Sumba Private owner, Bühl Germany
sulphurea citrinocristata m no name Sumba Private owner, Bühl Germany
sulphurea triton f no name Neuguinea & Islands Vogelpark Metelener Heide Germany
sulphurea triton m no name Neuguinea & Islands Vogelpark Metelener Heide Germany
sulphurea citrinocristata f Susi Sumba Private owner, Neuenhagen Germany
sulphurea galerita m no name Australia Private owner, Neuenhagen Germany
sulphurea galerita m 0156 (captive born) Australia Private owner, Vilsbiburg Germany
sulphurea galerita f 37632 Australia (New Zealand) Private owner, Vilsbiburg Germany
sulphurea galerita m father of 0156 Australia Private owner, Vilsbiburg Germany
sulphurea galerita f 37633 Australia (New Zraland) Private owner, Vilsbiburg Germany
sulphurea citrinocristata m Koko Sumba Tierpark Dortmund Germany
sulphurea citrinocristata m na name Sumba Tierpark Gettorf Germany
sulphurea citrinocristata m kahles Bein Sumba Tierpark Gettorf Germany
sulphurea citrinocristata f no name Sumba Bristol Zoo Great Britain
sulphurea sulphurea m Sam Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Colchester Zoo Great Britain
sulphurea sulphurea m Sebeday Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Colchester Zoo Great Britain
sulphurea sulphurea f Jokey Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Colchester Zoo Great Britain
sulphurea sulphurea m Ecko Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Marwell Zoological Park Great Britain
sulphurea sulphurea f Ping Pong Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Marwell Zoological Park Great Britain
sulphurea triton f Sheila Neuguinea & Islands Rode Bird Gardens Great Britain
sulphurea triton m Bruce Neuguinea & Islands Rode Bird Gardens Great Britain
sulphurea triton m Charlie Neuguinea & Islands Rode Bird Gardens Great Britain
sulphurea triton f Browin Neuguinea & Islands Rode Bird Gardens Great Britain
sulphurea sulphurea m Chico Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Rode Bird Gardens Great Britain
sulphurea galerita m no name Australia Rode Bird Gardens Great Britain
sulphurea galerita f no name Australia Rode Bird Gardens Great Britain
sulphurea galerita m Winston Australia Twycross Zoo Great Britain
sulphurea galerita f Winston´s female Australia Twycross Zoo Great Britain
sulphurea sulphurea f 93B108 Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Zoological Society of Ireland Ireland
sulphurea galerita m 61B005 Australia Zoological Society of Ireland Ireland
sulphurea citrinocristata m 96B007 Sumba Zoological Society of Ireland Ireland
sulphurea citrinocristata f 94B071 Sumba Zoological Society of Ireland Ireland
sulphurea triton f 00-0143-C636 Neuguinea & Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea triton f 00-0024-C16E Neuguinea & Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea triton m 00-0123FOC6 Neuguinea & Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea triton f 00012B191 Neuguinea & Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea triton f 00-0126-1AB5 Neuguinea & Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea triton m 00-013C-FSAE Neuguinea & Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea triton m 00-0011-1479 Neuguinea & Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea triton f 00-0122084C Neuguinea & Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea m 00-01EO-OC1B Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea f 00-0126-3142 Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea m 00-01C6-0BON Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea f 00-0143-B7CA Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea m 00-00703D20 Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea f 0001-43E-299 Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea f 00-0126-A67D Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea m 00-0064-8B57 Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea m 00-01E0-1C1B Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea m 00-0143-4581 Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea f 00-01311-A27 Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea sulphurea m 00-0122-1F25 Sulawesi & Lesser Sunda Islands Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea galerita f 00-0070-3FAB Australia Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea citrinocristata m 00-012214E8 Sumba Stichting N.O.P. Veldhoven Netherlands
sulphurea triton m 839 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton m 815 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton f 740 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton m 795 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton f 741 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton f 824 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton f 816 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton f 842 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton m 957 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton f 958 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton f 740 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton m 783 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton f 784 Neuguinea & Islands Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea galerita m 831 Australia Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea triton f 1980 Australia Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea galerita f 1981 Australia Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain
sulphurea galerita m 823 Australia Loro Parque, Canary Islands Spain

 

content

identification-key:

Basis for the determination of your Sulphur-crested Cockatoo are the reception of the following morphologic data:

 

Measuring equipment:

Only intact birds were measured. For the measurement of the wing length a standard butted wing rule with a stop at zero was made of aluminum or plastic (see Fig. right). At the zero stop an angle was attached, in order to receive an exact and reproducible measuring data (Svensson 1975). For the measurement of the tail length a ruler likewise manufactured from aluminum was cut off directly at the null point, so that the point of origin corresponded to the null point. The bill measurements were taken with an easy running slide caliper.

 

Measurement of the total length (Svensson 1975; Baker 1993)

The overall length of the zoo birds was measured from the vertex up to the longest tail feather. Be careful when you take measurements of parrots. A parrot should be fixed by one person and measured by another person.

 

Measurement of the wing length (Svensson 1975; Baker 1993 )

Always the right wing was measured, from the outer bend of the carpal joint and the tip of the longest primary. The bird's wing fit close to his body while measuring. The wing measuring ruler was pushed between the body and wing, so that the carpal joint touched the angle at the null point (Witherby et aluminium 1938-41; Cornwallis and Smith 1960). The primaries was falled downwards against the ruler by applying gentle pressure on the primary-coverts with the palm of the hand. The measurement was taken when the line between the carpal joint and the primaries were parallel to the edge of the ruler by reading the scale at the longest primary tip (see Fig. right).

 

Measurement of the tail length (Svensson 1975; Baker 1993)

For measuring the tail lengths we took the distance between the base of the central pair of rectrices to the tip of the longest rectrix (see Fig. right). With this method the zero end of the the ruler was pushed under the tail between the restrices and the undertail-coverts and was slided gently up towards the body until it has reached the root of the central pair of rectrices. It is important not to push too hard against the root of the rectrices since damage can easily be caused. The middle pair of rectrices were smooth-painted on the ruler and fixed with easy pressure. The measured value at the end of the longest rectrix was read off.

 

Measurement of the bill (Svensson 1975; Baker 1993)

The bill lengths was measured by using an easily running slide calipers. The measurement was taken in a straight line from the tip of the upper mandible to the anterior edge of the cere. The width of the upper mandible was measured at the broadest place between the right and left part of the the upper mandible at the basis of the bill (see Fig. below).

 

Categorization of the ear-coverts diameter

Because the ear-coverts have no clear demarcation a detailed measurement of the diameter isn't possible. Therefore instead of absolute measured values the diameters were assessed by size-classes. The following size-classes were specified:

 

categorie: diameter:
0
 no ear-coverts visible
1
 bigger than 1cm and smaller directly 2cm
2
 bigger than 2cm and smaller directly 3cm
3
 bigger than 3cm and smaller directly 4cm
4
 bigger than 4cm

 

Evaluation of the ear-coverts colour

The colour of the ear-coverts were estimated by comparing with " sample colour strips ". Each colour strip showed 9 gradations of a colour. Altogether 4 colour strips of the firm HISTOR were used. The pallette of the colours reached from " lemon or sulphur-yellow " to " orange ". A colour category was assigned to each colour strip. The following colour categories were specified:

categorie:  
0
 no ear-coverts visible
1
 sulphur-yellow
2
 yellow
3
 orange-yellow
4
 orange

 

Colouring of the nacked periophthalmic ring

The colouring of the nacked periophtalmic ring around the eyes can be white, pale blue or blue.

Assigning Cockatoos to their provenance by the identification key

On basis of the data determined before an assignment of your Cockatoo to one of the subspecies of Cacatua sulphurea should succeed quickly and reliably. For pesentation reason the table was divided up into three parts. All metric data were taken from skins and transformed to make them comparable with the measuring data of living birds.

 

part 1
wing length (cm) 
Ø wing-
length
tail-
length (cm)
Ø tail-
length
bill-
length (cm)
Ø bill-
length
upper bill-
width (cm)
Ø upper-
bill-
width
lower-
bill-
width (cm)
Ø lower-
bill-
width
colour of the ear-coverts
 provenance taxa
Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands
21,5-21,7
21,6
10,3-10,7 10,5 3,1 3,1 1,85-1,92 1,88 1,96-2,0 2,98 2 Kalaotoa Cacatua s. sulphurea
"
20,9-23,5
21,9
10,5-12,1 11,3 3,07-3,77 3,33 1,67-2,1 1,87 1,8-2,24 2 2 Flores C. s. sulphurea
"
22,1-22,2
22,2
10,5 10,8 3,56-3,66 3,61 2 2 2,16 2,16 2 Aor C. s. sulphurea
"
22,8-23,5
23,1
10,8-11,8 11,3 3,34-3,76 3,63 1,92-2,2 2,07 2,0-2,25 2,16 1+2 Nusa Penida C. s. sulphurea
"
22,5-24,1
23,2
11,3-12,2 11,6 3,17-3,65 3,39 1,81-2,2 2 1,96-2,33 2,11 2 Lombok C. s. sulphurea
"
21,3-24,6
23,2
11,1-12,4 11,7 3,2-3,98 3,62 1,83-2,34 2,09 1,9-2,38 2,21 2+3 Sulawesi C. s. sulphurea
"
23,0-23,8
23,4
11,3-11,9 11,6 3,58-3,75 3,67 2,04-2,2 2,12 2,07-2,33 2,2 2+3 Buton C. s. sulphurea
"
22,4-23,5
23,1
11,8-13,4 12,5 3,07-3,43 3,22 1,72-2,07 1,87 1,87-2,0 1,95 1+2 Timor C. s. sulphurea
Sumba
24,5-25,7
25
12,4-13,8 13,1 2,85-3,69 3,36 1,78-2,05 1,95 1,97-2,16 2,09 4+3 Sumba Cacatua s. citrinocristata
Salembo Besar
26,3-28,4
27,2
13,7-15,5 14,2 3,26-3,74 3,44 1,59-1,78 1,68 1,8-2,17 1,98 1 Salembo Besar Cacatua s. abbotti
New Guinea and neighbouring islands
27,1-28,3
27,6 13,2-15,2 14,2 3,35-4,02 3,71 1,9-2,16 1,99 2,2-2,45 2,35 0 Guebe Cacatua s. triton
"
27,2-29,9
28,6 13,4-17,4 15,4 3,16-3,37 3,3 1,68-2,06 1,86 1,99-2,08 2,05 5+1 Aru C. s. triton
"
28,1-29,8
29 13,7-16,2 14,9 3,34-3,94 3,76 1,84-2,07 1,99 2,04-2,48 2,34 0+5 Misool C. s. triton
"
27,6-30,4
29,2 15,2-17,5 16,3 3,64-3,9 3,72 1,88-2,1 1,96 2,08-2,53 2,34 0 Salawatti C. s. triton
"
29,8
29,8 14,9-15,7 15,3 3,84-4,1 3,94 2,09-2,15 2,11 2,4-2,61 2,47 5 Teba C. s. triton
"
29,9-30,8
30,3 16,2-18,5 17,1 3,75-3,83 3,81 1,98-2,13 2,07 2,32-2,5 2,43 0 Sorong C. s. triton
"
30-30,8
30,5 14,9-17,2 15,9 3,58-4,15 3,75 1,75-2,18 1,96 2,18-2,35 2,26 0+5 Mafoor C. s. triton
"
29,3-32,4
31 16,0-17,3 16,5 3,67-4,1 3,88 2,14-2,2 2,16 2,25-2,6 2,43 0 Waigeo C. s. triton
"
30,6-31,6
31,1 18,5 18,5 4,24-4,27 4,26 2,22-2,3 2,26 2,7-2,75 2,72 5 Mäamberberg C. s. triton
"
29,9-32,5
31,4 15,5-17,2 16,3 3,68-4,34 4,08 2,07-2,32 2,21 2,26-2,85 2,6 0+5 Gorong C. s. triton
"
32-33,3
32,5 16,7-17,2 17 4,0-4,28 4,16 2,32-2,7 2,46 2,54-2,9 2,75 5 Berlinhafen C. s. triton
"
31,7-33,7
32,7 16,0-18,0 17,2 3,37-4,25 3,94 2,01-2,39 2,24 2,42-2,66 2,56 0 Jobi C. s. triton
"
32-35,9
33 16,0-19,9 18,1 3,54-4,48 4,25 2,13-2,57 2,38 2,3-3,0 2,73 5 Astrolabe Bay C. s. triton
"
32,9-34
33,4 17,5-18,5 18,2 4,0-4,48 4,21 2,28-2,49 2,41 no data no data 1+5 Port Moresby C. s. triton
"
32,0-36,4
33,9 17,2-19,8 18,4 3,74-4,5 4,16 2,08-2,5 2,3 2,59-2,9 2,72 5 Finschhafen C. s. triton
Australia without N.T., Tasmania and Prince of Wales Island 30,2-31,6 30,9 16,0-17,5 16,7 3,36-3,9 3,6 1,67-2,07 1,85 2,1-2,2 2,17 5 Prince of Wales Island C. sulphurea galerita
"
32,3-33,4 32,8 17,0-19,0 18,1 3,9-4,27 4,12 1,95-2,15 2,06 2,13-2,34 2,21 0 South-Australia C. s. galerita
"
32,1-34,2 33,2 18,2-18,5 18,4 3,76-4,15 3,95 2,04-2,13 2,08 2,14-2,5 2,32 0 Victoria C. s. galerita
"
33,3-38,6 35,4 18,0-23,2 19,4 3,74-4,68 4,16 1,88-2,26 2,14 2,09-2,5 2,36 0+1+5 NSW C. s. galerita
"
34,0-37,1 35,1 18,0-20,1 19 4,2-4,9 4,43 2,07-2,42 2,19 2,28-2,56 2,41 5 Tasmania C. s. galerita
"
32,6-39,0 36,1 18,0-24,6 20,2 3,8-4,6 4,22 1,9-2,38 2,19 2,1-2,66 2,44 0+5 Queensland C. s. galerita
Northern Territory (N.T.) 33,3-34,3 33,8 19,1 19,1 3,88-4,03 3,96 2,17-2,28 2,23 2,45 2,45 0+5 N.T. C. s. fitzroyi

 
part 2 perioph- talmic-
ring-
size

perioph- talmic-
ring-
colour

 crest-
colour		 wing-length/
bill-length-
index		 Ø wing-length/
bill-length-
index		 bill-length (b)/
upper bill-width (um)-index		 Ø b/um-index wing-length (w)/
lower bill (lm)-width- index		 Ø w/lm-index wing-length (w)/
bill-length (b)-
index		 Ø w/b-Index provenence taxa
Sulawesi and LesserSunda Islands 3 white to pale blue sulphur 2,01-2,11 2,06 11,32-11,67 11,49 10,76-11,08 10,92 6,94-7,01 6,98 Kalaotoa Cacatua s. sulphurea
"
2 white to pale blue sulphur 1,82-2,04 1,96 10,44-13,02 11,82 10,34-11,84 10,94 5,86-7,21 6,63 Flores C. s. sulphurea
"
2 white to pale blue sulphur 2,05-2,06 2,05 11,07-11,12 11,09 10,25-10,29 10,27 6,08-6,22 6,15 Aor C. s. sulphurea
"
1+2 white to pale blue sulphur 1,97-2,15 2,05 10,52-12,11 11,16 10,29-11,48 10,69 6,19-6,88 6,37 Nusa Penida C. s. sulphurea
"
1+2 white to pale blue sulphur 1,98-2,03 1,99 10,94-12,74 11,66 9,94-11,76 11,04 6,34-7,25 6,85 Lombok C. s. sulphurea
"
2 white to pale blue sulphur 1,76-2,17 1,99 9,82-12,60 11,17 9,81-12,13 10,65 5,7-7,2 6,43 Sulawesi C. s. sulphurea
"
2 white to pale blue sulphur 1,99-2,03 2,0 10,8-11,25 11,03 10,21-11,09 10,64 6,34-6,41 6,37 Buton C. s. sulphurea
"
1+2 white to pale blue sulphur 1,82-1,97 1,92 11,28-13,64 12,41 11,2-12,16 11,79 6,87-7,62 7,18 Timor C. s. sulphurea
Sumba 2 white to pale blue orange 1,78-2,06 1,92 12,04-13,81 12,81 11,66-12,61 11,92 6,86-8,7 7,48 Sumba Cacatua s. citrinocristata
Salembo Besar 1 white? sulphur 1,73-2,01 1,91 15,07-17,26 16,18 12,62-14,85 13,77 7,5-8,37 7,91 Salembo Besar Cacatua s. abbotti
New Guinea and neighbouring islands 0 pale blue sulphur 1,79-2,07 1,95 12,96-14,82 13,85 11,12-12,38 11,79 6,77-8,31 7,48 Guebe Cacatua s. triton
"
1 pale blue sulphur 1,69-2,07 1,87 14,51-16,21 15,45 13,27-13,69 13,48 8,08-8,93 8,66 Aru C. s. triton
"
0+1 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,82-2,05 1,95 13,58-15,3 14,62 11,31-13,8 12,42 7,41-8,43 7,74 Misool C. s. triton
"
0 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,74-1,88 1,79 13,99-15,91 14,96 11,61-13,29 12,53 7,53-8,33 7,85 Salawatti C. s. triton
"
1 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,9-1,99 1,94 13,85-14,25 14,10 11,41-12,41 12,06 7,26-7,76 7,56 Teba C. s. triton
"
0 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,66-1,85 1,77 13,98-15,56 14,67 11,95-13,28 12,48 7,8-8,21 7,96 Sorong C. s. triton
"
0+1 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,74-2,04 1,91 13,99-17,65 15,62 12,98-14,13 13,48 7,35-7,6 8,15 Mafoor C. s. triton
"
0 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,81-2,02 1,88 13,49-15,16 14,34 11,26-14,42 12,76 7,88-8,11 7,99 Waigeo C. s. triton
"
1 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,65 1,65 13,3-14,24 13,77 11,15-11,71 11,43 7,22-7,41 7,3 Mäamberberg C. s. triton
"
0+1 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,82-2,03 1,92 13,54-14,9 14,19 11,02-13,22 12,10 7,24-8,12 7,71 Gorong C. s. triton
"
1 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,86-1,96 1,92 11,86-14,09 13,3 11,04-13,09 11,96 7,49-8,08 7,83 Berlinhafen C. s. triton
"
0 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,9-2,05 1,98 13,73-14,45 14,09 12,31-12,95 12,63 7,8-7,92 7,86 Jobi C. s. triton
"
1 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,74-2,01 1,83 12,9-15,28 14,05 11,05-14,28 12,56 7,25-9,05 7,81 Astrolabe Bay C. s. triton
"
1

blue to pale blue

 sulphur 1,79-1,88 1,83 13,31-14,48 13,87 no data no data 7,59-8,29 7,94 Port Moresby C. s. triton
"
1 blue to pale blue sulphur 1,77-1,96 1,84 13,01-16,23 14,74 11,85-13,1 12,63 7,42-8,86 8,16 Finschhafen C. s. triton
Australia without N.T., Tasmania and Prince of Wales Island 1 white sulphur 1,81-1,93 1,86 15,28-18,13 16,84 14,0-14,38 14,25 8,11-9,17 8,61 Prince of Wales Island C. sulphurea galerita
"
0 white sulphur 1,76-1,9 1,82 15,1816,58 15,92 14,25-15,22 14,86 7,64-8,29 7,96 South-Australia C. s. galerita
"
0 white sulphur 1,76-1,84 1,80 15,75-16,08 15,92 13,67-15,05 14,36 8,24-8,56 8,40 Victoria C. s. galerita
"
0+1+2 white sulphur 1,65-1,99 1,83 15,75-17,96 16,57 13,88-16,41 15,07 7,54-9,38 8,54 NSW C. s. galerita
"
1 white sulphur 1,81-1,88 1,85 15,34-16,45 16,03 14,36-14,93 14,60 7,58-8,14 7,93 Tasmania C. s. galerita
"
0+1 white sulphur 1,55-1,93 1,79 14,89-18,25 16,5 13,25-15,8 14,82 7,96-9,15 8,56 Queensland C. s. galerita
Northern Territory (N.T.) 0 pale blue sulphur 1,75-1,8 1,77 14,58-15,84 15,21 13,57 13,57 8,25-8,86 8,56 N.T. C. s. fitzroyi

 
part 3 upper bill-width (um)/bill-length (b)-index Ø um/b-index lower bill-width (lm)/bill-length (b)-index Ø lm/b-Index upper bill(um)/lower bill-width (lm)-index Ø um/lm-Index upper bill-width (um)/
lower billwidth (lm)/ bill-length (b)-index		 Ø um/lm/b-Index povenence taxa
Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands 0,6-0,62 0,61 0,63-0,65 0,64 0,92-0,98 0,95 0,3-0,32 0,31 Kalaotoa Cacatua s. sulphurea
"
0,52-0,62 0,56 0,56-0,65 0,6 0,86-1,0 0,93 0,23-0,31 0,28 Flores C. s. sulphurea
"
0,55-0,56 0,55 0,59-0,61 0,6 0,93 0,93 0,25-0,26 0,26 Aor C. s. sulphurea
"
0,51-0,59 0,57 0,58-0,61 0,59 0,86-0,99 0,96 0,23-3,0 0,26 Nusa Penida C. s. sulphurea
"
0,55-0,62 0,59 0,6-0,64 0,61 0,91-1,02 0,95 0,25-0,29 0,28 Lombok C. s. sulphurea
"
0,53-0,65 0,58 0,57-0,65 0,61 0,9-0,99 0,94 0,23-0,3 0,26 Sulawesi C. s. sulphurea
"
0,57-0,59 0,58 0,58-0,62 0,6 0,94-0,99 0,96 0,25-0,28 0,26 Buton C. s. sulphurea
"
0,54-0,68 0,58 0,59-0,61 0,6 0,89-0,97 0,93 0,28-0,29 0,29 Timor C. s. sulphurea
Sumba 0,54-0,66 0,58 0,58-0,69 0,63 0,85-0,98 0,93 0,25-0,34 0,28 Sumba Cacatua s. citrinocristata
Salembo Besar 0,47-0,52 0,49 0,55-0,6 0,58 0,81-0,96 0,85 0,22-0,29 0,25 Salembo Besar Cacatua s. abbotti
New Guinea and neighbouring islands 0,49-0,58 0,54 0,61-0,67 0,63 0,8-0,89 0,85 0,2-0,26 0,23 Guebe Cacatua s. triton
"
0,5-0,61 0,56 0,59-0,63 0,61 0,84-0,85 0,85 0,25-0,26 0,25 Aru C. s. triton
"
0,51-0,55 0,53 0,6-0,66 0,62 0,81-0,9 0,85 0,21-0,27 0,23 Misool C. s. triton
"
0,52-0,54 0,52 0,57-0,65 0,63 0,8-0,9 0,84 0,21-0,25 0,23 Salawatti C. s. triton
"
0,51-0,56 0,54 0,59-0,67 0,63 0,8-0,89 0,86 0,21-0,23 0,22 Teba C. s. triton
"
0,53-0,56 0,54 0,62-0,65 0,64 0,82-0,89 0,85 0,22-0,23 0,22 Sorong C. s. triton
"
0,48-0,58 0,52 0,57-0,65 0,6 0,8-0,93 0,87 0,22-0,25 0,23 Mafoor C. s. triton
"
0,52-0,59 0,56 0,55-0,71 0,63 0,83-0,95 0,89 0,22-0,25 0,23 Waigeo C. s. triton
"
0,52-0,54 0,53 0,63-0,65 0,64 0,82-0,84 0,83 0,19-0,2 0,2 Mäamberberg C. s. triton
"
0,52-0,56 0,54 0,61-0,66 0,64 0,81-0,92 0,85 0,19-0,25 0,21 Gorong C. s. triton
"
0,56-0,63 0,59 0,6-0,69 0,66 0,84-0,93 0,9 0,21-0,22 0,22 Berlinhafen C. s. triton
"
0,55-0,57 0,56 0,61-0,63 0,62 0,9 0,9 0,21 0,21 Jobi C. s. triton
"
0,52-0,6 0,56 0,52-0,72 1,65 0,81-0,96 0,86 0,19-0,24 0,21 Astrolabe Bay C. s. triton
"
0,55-0,62 0,57 no data no data no data no data no data no data Port Moresby C. s. triton
"
0,52-0,59 0,55 0,63-0,69 0,66 0,78-0,88 0,84 0,18-0,23 0,2 Finschhafen C. s. triton
Australia without N.T., Tasmania and Prince of Wales Island 0,47-0,54 0,51 0,56-0,65 0,6 0,79-0,94 0,85 0,22-0,24 0,24 Prince of Wales Island C. sulphurea galerita
"
0,5 0,5 0,51-0,56 0,54 0,89-1,0 0,93 0,21-0,24 0,23 South-Australia C. s. galerita
"
0,51-0,54 0,53 0,57-0,6 0,59 0,85-0,96 0,91 0,21-0,25 0,23 Victoria C. s. galerita
"
0,47-0,56 0,52 0,51-0,64 0,57 0,85-0,96 0,91 0,19-0,26 0,22 NSW C. s. galerita
"
0,49-0,5 0,49 0,52-0,57 0,54 0,88-0,95 0,91 0,19-0,22 0,21 Tasmania C. s. galerita
"
0,49-0,56 0,52 0,51-0,63 0,58 0,85-0,98 0,9 0,19-0,24 0,21 Queensland C. s. galerita
Northern Territory (N.T.) 0,56-0,57 0,56 0,61 0,61 0,93 0,93 0,23 0,23 N.T. C. s. fitzroyi

content

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